Edison Kinetoscope Films

Youtube Video of Edison Kinetoscope Films (1894-1896)

(Courtesy: Therese Grisham)

In the Edison Kinetoscope Films (1894-1896), a series of attractions can be seen. A couple, boxing match, strong man, serpentine dancer, cock fight, barber shop, doves, and seminary girls can all be seen in this cinematic clip. All of which can be appreciated for its simplicity and ability to set a precedence for all of the entertainment industry after. Prior to this post I was unaware that Thomas Edison created the Kinetoscope as he is primarily well recognized for the invention of the light bulb. Society should acknowledge the contributions he has made along with his colleagues towards the progression of modern technology on a daily basis. It is astounding that at the turn of the 20th century, so much was accomplished.

The Kinetoscope was made famous by Thomas Edison and his team for bringing a personal motion picture device using a confined space to display images on a perforated film over a light source in which an individual can view from a peep hole. This was a precursor to the earliest forms of video and projection. This film, despite its short length sets a standard for the industry as well as inspired future projects that would add to the history of cinematography and animation. My love for movies would not existed had this invention not been created. Overall, I thought the clips were well made, capturing the essence of life at the time of its filming in addition to drawing attention to a new medium that entertainers could reach their audience through. 

Walter Benjamin's The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction

Walter Benjamin, author, philosopher and cultural critic shown above
(Courtesy: http://image.slidesharecdn.com)

Walter Benjamin's essay, The work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction brings attention to technological innovation and its impact on art. He uses art forms such as photographic negatives, lithography, and copperplate etching to describe how imitation has become more prevalent over the years. Stemming from mass production, curiosity, greed and self-interest, replication have always existed.

Benjamin argues that in principle, all works of art are able to be replicated. With many objects, structures, paintings or drawings, this is perhaps true, however, there are exceptions to this principle. Many pictures are considered works of art, featuring a specific time or event that transpired. In the example of a volcanic eruption, an event that occurs very rarely, it would be difficult for someone to reproduce a picture that someone took on a specific day, time, angle, lighting, etc.  Even if the imitator managed to meet all the same criteria, there is such a minute statistical chance that someone would be able to get an identical picture. In the sense that someone could digitally scan the picture or use a negative and "replicate" it, is a possibility but is still a challenge to physically recreate.

There are many forms of art, some easier to imitate than others and some not. In my opinion, performance art is not replicable. It can be imitated but not 100% replicated. Stage performers can practice and rehearse their routine as frequently as possible yet will not be able to perform the same time with consistency. Each interaction with other performers, the physical condition of the performer at the time, mood, and attention to detail are all contributing factors that make replication almost impossible. Overall, my take on the matter leaves me to believe that Walter Benjamin is wrong in stating all works of are replicable. There are certain forms of art that are unique in that they are not replicable by the nature of their appearance, circumstances, or properties.

Benjamin, Walter. "The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction." Modern Art and Modernism. Auckland, N.Z.: PhotoForum, 2007. 218-20. Print.

The Pirates of Penzance Video Game Conversion

Above, the cast of The Pirates of Penzance, 1983. Directed by Wilford Leach
(Courtesy: blogspot.com)

As assigned I created a video game based on an opera created before the year 1920. For the video I decided to choose the opera The Pirates of Penzance. The story follows a pirate apprentice, who wishes to rid himself of the pirate life now that he has reached the age of 21, the end of his contractual service. After it is revealed that he was born on a leap year and technically has 5 birthdays, the loyal pirate must find a way to please his crew but also win the love of his life, Mabel. 

In short, my game would fall under the open world category and follow protagonist Fredric, as he ventures through Penzance Bay seeking to gain freedom from the life of a pirate. Throughout the campaign gameplay, characters from the opera are featured, side missions are available, and interactions which lead to greater character development are present. 

The following images are a few screenshots of my paper. Overall, the film adaptation was difficult to watch, but the project was thought provoking as it allowed for unlimited creativity.

Pjotr Sapegin’s Madama Butterfly

Giacomo Puccini's Madame Butterfly (Courtesy: https://i.ytimg.com)

Pjotr Sapegin's Madama Butterfly was a creative spin of Giacomo Puccini's 1905 opera depicting the tragic reality of temporary marriages forged between naval sailors and the indigenous females. The animation was interesting to say the least. I had not seen the original opera so as soon as the video began I was taken for surprise. With the first few minutes elapsed and the story beginning to unravel, it was clear that there was deep meaning behind the initial scene which ultimately turned out to be a devastating ending. The woman was left behind to bear the sailors child only to have him return and be stripped of the child and emotionally scarred eventually pushed to take her own life. The spirit and innocence the woman once had in her physical form was not lost when she took her own life but was carried into the afterlife when her spirit took form as a butterfly. The butterfly resembles the freedom that she had always wanted or deserved while waiting for her lover, which she can now fully achieve after being given wings. Overall, the animation was well choreographed and extremely thorough, however, took a great degree of interpretation to arrive at the exact significance.